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<div class="Section1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="TitleChar"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">CALL
FOR PAPERS<br>
</span></span> <br>
News Release<br>
<span style=""> </span><b>Scientific Chinese Civilization: A
Great Trinity of A Grand Challenging Research Project</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br>
“Those Who Cannot Remember The Past Are Condemned
To Repeat It”<br>
----------------George Santayana<br>
<br>
The Journal of New Mathematics & Natural Computing, published by WSPC,<br>
ISSN:1793-0057 [print] and ISSN:1793-7027 [electronic], is pleased to announce
a CFP, Call For Papers, on the topic entitled :<br>
<br>
<b>Scientific Chinese Civilization: A Great Trinity of A Grand Challenging
Research Project</b><br>
<br>
<span class="BodyTextChar"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman";">More than
half a century of intensive research on artificial intelligence (AI) has
concluded that the problem of linguistics must be solved before we can make any
progress in truly intelligent systems, AI research today has been forced to
reduce merely to deal with some basic issues such as the data mining and web
semantics. Chinese language must take the advantage of what we have already
learned from that of English language so far as the CWW (Computing With Words) is
concerned, especially the implications of those fundamental theory of Noam
Chomsky & Claude Shannon introduced in the 1950s. </span></span>We claim
the CWW issue of Scientific Chinese language, in reality, is the foundation of
a much larger problem of Scientific Chinese Civilization. The enclosed write-up
by Zhaohao Sun and Paul P. Wang provides much needed background, motivation and,
at least, our version of the definition of the Grand Challenge.</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><br>
This Special Issue (SI) has been quite loosely defined because we need all
participants to contribute in even the very basic definitions. One thing we are
certain of is the importance and the urging nature of the issue. Even though
there are no lack of efforts in terms of the interested scholars and their
associations. Frankly, we feel, overall speaking, the lack of urgency and lay
back attitude have prevented them from significant gains over all these years.</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><br>
As pointed out by Sun and Wang, numerous reforms of the Chinese Language have
led to good results. The painful evolutionary history of the Chinese language, nevertheless,
made it clear the need of some dramatically reform, especially the computer and
information revolution are here to stay and we must have some strategy for the
development which begins with Scientific Chinese Words reform for the benefit
of future generations.</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><br>
There are estimated to have 1.4 billion people who use Chinese language, a 10,000
specialists research Institute would consume only 0.00071428% of the total
human resource! Yet the benefit and the impact derived from this Institute can
be really huge! Therefore, this CFP is very much a document of an urge, a
pleading, nearly a manifesto!</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><br>
In addition to the 26 items outlined in Sun and Wang's write -up, you may
suggest the favorable topics you think are important, such as some suggested
items listed as follows:</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><br>
27. Historical evolution of a long surviving language and how to reform for
future need.</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><br>
28. How a 1,000 specialists research Institute can be funded.</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><br>
29. How can such a Grand Challenge be entirely free from political
complication?</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><br>
30. A comparative study on the benefit of this Grand Challenge.</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><br>
Milestones<br>
---------<br>
<br>
August 31, 2010 <span style="">
</span>Letter of the intention, including a few lines of abstract.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br>
November 30, 2010 First draft submission [no more than 30
pages]<br>
<br>
January 31,<span style=""> </span>2011 <span style=""> </span>Notification of acceptance/revision/rejection<br>
<br>
April 30, 2011 <span style=""> </span>Final paper due<br>
<br>
July 31, 2011 <span style=""> </span>Publication production<br>
<br>
<br>
Inquiry & Submission<br>
--------------------<br>
<br>
Zhaohao Sun</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">University of Ballarat, Australia<br>
e-mail: <a href="mailto:z.sun@ballarat.edu.au">z.sun@ballarat.edu.au</a><br>
fax: +61-3-5327 9289<br>
<br>
Paul P.Wang<br>
Duke University, USA<br>
e-mail: <a href="mailto:ppw@ee.duke.edu" target="_blank">ppw@ee.duke.edu</a><br>
fax: 919 660 5293</p>
</div>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br style="page-break-before: always;" clear="all">
</span>
<div class="Section2">
<p class="MsoTitle">Scientific Chinese Words, Language and Culture: A Computing Perspective <br></p>
<p class="MsoTitle"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Zhaohao Sun, Paul P. Wang <br></span></p>
<p class="MsoTitle"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Contents</span></p>
<p class="MsoToc1" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style=""><a href="#_Toc265596518">1<span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span>Scientific Chinese Civilization<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">3</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style=""></span></p>
<p class="MsoToc1" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style=""><a href="#_Toc265596519">2<span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span>Scientific Chinese words<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">4</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style=""></span></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style=""><a href="#_Toc265596520">2.1<span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span>Brief History of Chinese Words<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">5</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style=""></span></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style=""><a href="#_Toc265596521">2.2<span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span>Creation of Chinese New Words<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">5</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style=""></span></p>
<p class="MsoToc1" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style=""><a href="#_Toc265596522">3<span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span>Scientific Chinese Language<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">5</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style=""></span></p>
<p class="MsoToc1" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style=""><a href="#_Toc265596523">4<span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span>Scientific Chinese Culture: The
Computing of Chinese Culture<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">6</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style=""></span></p>
<p class="MsoToc1" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style=""><a href="#_Toc265596524">5<span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span>Chinese Scholars, Associations and
Institutions<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">6</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style=""></span></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style=""><a href="#_Toc265596525">5.1<span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span>Chinese Associations and
Institutions<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">6</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style=""></span></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style=""><a href="#_Toc265596526">5.2<span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span>Chinese Scholars<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">8</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style=""></span></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style=""><a href="#_Toc265596527">5.3<span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span>Conferences<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">8</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style=""></span></p>
<p class="MsoToc2" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style=""><a href="#_Toc265596528">5.4<span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span>Books<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">8</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style=""></span></p>
<p class="MsoToc1" style=""><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style=""><a href="#_Toc265596529">6<span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;"><span style=""> </span></span>References<span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"><span style="">. </span></span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;">9</span><span style="color: windowtext; display: none; text-decoration: none;"></span></a></span></span><span style=""></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"> </p>
<h1><a name="_Toc265596518"><span style=""><span style="">1<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Scientific Chinese Civilization</span></a></h1>
<p class="MsoBodyText"> </p>
<p class="MsoBodyText">In contrast with the rapid development of Chinese economy at
an almost overwhelming speed, and its salient influence on the economy and
civilization of the world, we have many reasons to say that Chinese words,
language and culture are in crisis or in danger, because there are not a
revolutionary change nor scientific reform in Chinese words, language and
culture at least from the Qin Dynasty with the change of social and economic
development. The re-emergence of Confucianism introduced in 400 BC is an
example. Our endeavour is to examine Chinese words, Chinese language, and
Chinese culture using Scientific Chinese words, scientific Chinese language and
scientific Chinese culture as our motivation.</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText">Scientific Chinese words, scientific Chinese language and
scientific Chinese culture form the trinity of scientific Chinese civilization.
These three are closely related to modernization of Chinese society, economy
and formation of knowledge economy and knowledge society in China in
special in Chinese-spoken communities in the world in general. Chinese words
and Chinese language are the carrier of Chinese information, knowledge and
Chinese culture. They are also an important component of Chinese culture (Song
et al, 2009)</p>
<p class="MsoBodyText">Scientific Chinese words, scientific Chinese language and
scientific Chinese culture are at three different levels in hierarchy.
Scientific Chinese words are at a fundamental level. Scientific Chinese
language is at the intermediary level, and scientific Chinese culture is at a top
level. Chinese words play a pivotal role in making Chinese civilization
continuing without interruption in the civilization history of human being. “Scientific”
in our research means that the understanding of and investigation into either Chinese
words or Chinese language or Chinese culture using all modern science and
technology, especially computing science and technology. Computing is a modern
science and technology moving us from traditional civilization to web
civilization. </p>
<p class="MsoBodyText">Chinese information processing (CIP) and Chinese character
information processing (CCIP) have dominated Chinese scholars’ research in the
past 60 years (Song et al, 2009). However, these are only a part of our
trinity, because CIP and CCIP can only be at technical level serving the
above-mentioned trinity, although they are indispensible (see Section 2). This
reflects a commonsense: We do not appreciate the essence of the forest, only
because we are in the forest. Obviously, CIP and CCIP have no intention of
extending Chinese character information and Chinese information beyond
“processing” to more general layer, e.g. “computing” or the top layer,
scientific. This is the critical weakness of CIP and CCIP. We select a computing
perspective, because we are computing scientists. Further computing is a
revolutionary paradigm that likes an engine to move the science and technology
as well society towards the more brilliant future of human being.<span style=""> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style=""> </span>We use the trinity
formed by scientific Chinese words, scientific Chinese language, and scientific
Chinese culture to re-examine, explore and develop Chinese words, Chinese
language and Chinese culture to facilitate the development of scientific
Chinese civilization and to promote the emergence of a new generation of
scientific Chinese.<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText">The authors have Googled “Scientific Chinese Culture”, “Scientific
Chinese Language”, “Scientific Chinese Words”. Either of them has no webpage
googled in the Google world. We have also Googled “Computing of Chinese Culture”,
“Computing of Chinese Language”, “Computing of Chinese Words”. Either of them
has no webpage googled in the Google world- 120610. This is the reason why our
ideas are breakthrough or innovative.</p>
<h1><a name="_Toc265596519"><span style=""><span style="">2<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Scientific Chinese words</span></a></h1>
<p class="MsoBodyText">Chinese words (characters, <i>hanzi</i>) are one of the
oldest words in history (Hong, 2010). Chinese words are the blood and soul of
Chinese language and Chinese culture. From a computing perspective, scientific
Chinese words can be narrowed to “the computing of Chinese words”, in which
there is a research direction: computing with Chinese words, motivated by computing
with words (Wang, 2001). However, computing here is at the most general level,
same as computing as a discipline.<span style=""> </span>More
specifically, scientific Chinese words at least consists of<span style=""> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style=""><span style="">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Technologies of Chinese words,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style=""><span style="">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Engineering of Chinese words, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style=""><span style="">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Management of Chinese words,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style=""><span style="">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Systems of Chinese words, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style=""><span style="">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Reasoning of Chinese words:
Reasoning with Chinese words (two meaning: 1. Chinese words possess fuzziness,
2. Chinese problem solving or commonsense are based on words (clauses)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style=""><span style="">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Semantic net of Chinese words,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style=""><span style="">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Ontology of Chinese words, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style=""><span style="">8.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Standards (Notations) of Chinese
words (Some of these have been done by Chinese Government),</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style=""><span style="">9.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Reform of Chinese words: Three
core tasks: Simplification, pinyin and putonghua to promote the Chinese
language and culture (Song et al, 2009),<span style="">
</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style=""><span style="">10.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Processing of Chinese words is
interchangeably with Chinese information processing or Chinese Character
information processing (Song et al, 2009), or Chinese Character information
processing.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">The
key ideas behind scientific Chinese words are that modernisation of Chinese
culture. We consider it as scientific Chinese language and scientific Chinese
culture, relying on modernisation of Chinese words, the latter depends on the
computing of Chinese words at least from a computing perspective. In fact, the
similar topics are suitable to Chinese language and Chinese culture. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<h2><a name="_Toc265596520"><span style=""><span style="">2.1<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Brief History of Chinese Words</span></a></h2>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><i> </i></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText">Chinese words have a few<i> </i><em><span style="font-style: normal;">thousand</span></em><i> </i><em><span style="font-style: normal;">years (4000-5000 years old) of history since its
inception of Xiang form words </span></em>(Song et al, 2009; Hong, 2010)<em><span style="font-style: normal;">, because it has formed a word system in 14<sup>th</sup>
century B.C. in the Xia Dynasty (</span></em>Hong, 2010<em><span style="font-style: normal;">) with one word representing a symbol. Qing Dynasty </span></em>(BC
221-206) <em><span style="font-style: normal;">unified and standardized Chinese
words.</span></em> Normalization, lineation (<i>Xian tiao hua</i>), and
simplification dominate the evolution of Chinese words since the Qin Dynasty
(BC 221-206) by simplifying and normalizing <i>Da Zhuan</i> through <i>Jiaguo</i>
words to <i>Xiao Zhuan</i> words and then <i>Lishu</i> words, which are still used
for study in primary schools in China. Lisu was further simplified into <i>Kaishu</i>
in Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty, which is still an important kind of Chinese
word system. With the development of printing technology in Song Dynasty (AD
960-1279), the printable Chinese words as a notation was formed and named as <i>Song
Ti</i>, which is still dominating the printable Chinese words in publications
and all the media in China.<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText">Na (2009) believes that Chinese words have feelings,
colors and smells. They are not only magic but also interesting. They have long
history and meaningful culture. Every word has a story, every one has eyes.
They watch reappear and imitate the world. Every word has big ears, they listen,
accept, and record the world. Chinese words have firm teeth and mouth they are
telling us many beautiful and old stories. </p>
<p class="MsoBodyText">As mentioned early, Qin Dynasty unified the Chinese words
and simplified the Chinese words. This is a revolutionary action, which makes
the Chinese words into ordinary people, that is, an ordinary Chinese can read,
know, recognize and use Chinese words. The Chinese language and culture based
on Chinese words begin to form and develop. </p>
<p class="MsoBodyText">In the modern history, May 4 Movements in 1919 is an
important event for Chinese words, Chinese language, and Chinese culture. That
movement promoted the simplified Chinese culture (as well as Pinyin of Chinese
words). Baihuawen is a secondary consequence of that movement. The mission of
simplified Chinese words serves the absolute majority of ordinary Chinese
rather than elite or intellectuals to know, read, recognize and use Chinese
words, language and culture. Therefore, simplified Chinese words, as a movement,
are a thorough progress after 1949 taking into account that the majority of
Chinese were illiterate at that time.</p>
<h2><a name="_Toc265596521"><span style=""><span style="">2.2<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Creation of Chinese New Words</span></a></h2>
<p class="MsoBodyText">Comparing with English words, Chinese words are relatively
closed and stable from a system viewpoint, because the vocabulary has basically
not changed and added in the past 1000 years since Song Dynasty. However, how
to create a Chinese new word? What is the fundamental for creating a Chinese
word? are important issues from a computing viewpoint. Further, the emperor of
Tang Dynasty, Wu Zetian, created a new Chinese word. Can we create a Chinese
word? What principles we should adhere to is also a big issue. – 240510. <br></p>
<h1><a name="_Toc265596522"><span style=""><span style="">3<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Scientific Chinese Language</span></a></h1>
<p class="MsoBodyText">From a computing perspective, we can narrow our topic to:
The Computing of Chinese Language. For a foreigner who studies Chinese language
for a whole. Communication in Chinese is normally not a big issue. However, the
big issue is scientific Chinese language, or the computing of Chinese language
from a computing perspective. The following topics are recommended, by not
limited it. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style=""><span style="">11.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Technologies of Chinese Language,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style=""><span style="">12.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Engineering of Chinese Language, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style=""><span style="">13.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Management of Chinese Language,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style=""><span style="">14.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Systems of Chinese Language,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style=""><span style="">15.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Reasoning of Chinese Language,
Reasoning in Chinese Language,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style=""><span style="">16.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Semantic net of Chinese Language,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style=""><span style="">17.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Natural knowledge discovery and
knowledge mining in Chinese (e.g. Qinghua U, and Beijing U, Chinese LDL),</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style=""><span style="">18.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Computing with Chinese (like with
natural language),</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style=""><span style="">19.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Machine translation between
Chinese and other languages, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style=""><span style="">20.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Ontology of Chinese Language (e.g.
Dong, Zhendong, HowNet, <a href="http://www.keenage.com/html/c_index.html">http://www.keenage.com/html/c_index.html</a>),</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style=""><span style="">21.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Processing of Chinese Language:
Chinese language information processing, which is used in China
officially (Song, 2009).<span style=""> </span></span></p>
<h1><a name="_Toc265596523"><span style=""><span style="">4<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Scientific Chinese Culture: The
Computing of Chinese Culture</span></a></h1>
<p class="MsoBodyText">The Chinese culture exists as a comprehensive abstraction
from Chinese history, education, and superstructure etc. Because of long
history (more than 2000 years) of feudalism in China, there are relatively less
scientific components in Chinese culture. Therefore, using scientific
(engineering) methods, technologies, and tools to reform Chinese culture become
a critical issue for developing scientific Chinese civilization. The following
topics are recommended, by not limited it. <span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style=""><span style="">22.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Technologies of Chinese culture,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style=""><span style="">23.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Engineering of Chinese culture, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style=""><span style="">24.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Management of Chinese culture,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style=""><span style="">25.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Systems of Chinese culture,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style=""><span style="">26.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Processing of Chinese culture.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoBodyText">At the moment, we focus on scientific Chinese words and
scientific Chinese language, because culture is a very controversial topic, it
is also a more general topic. However, we must clarify the relationships among scientific
Chinese words, scientific Chinese language and scientific Chinese culture. In
fact, the modern history of Chinese culture is based on the simplification and
standardization of Chinese words from 1949 on (Song et al 2009). This evolution
or revolution benefits the improvement of cultured Chinese (from illiterate to literate).<span style=""> </span></p>
<h1><a name="_Toc265596524"><span style=""><span style="">5<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Chinese Scholars, Associations and
Institutions</span></a></h1>
<h2><span style=""><span style="">5.1<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><span style=""> </span><a name="_Toc265596525">Chinese Associations and Institutions</a></span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style=""><span style="">27.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">国家语言文字工作委员会</span>(<a href="http://www.china-language.gov.cn/)/">http://www.china-language.gov.cn/)/</a></span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">中文信息学报</span><a href="http://zwxx.qikan.com/">http://zwxx.qikan.com/</a></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style=""><span style="">28.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">中国中文信息学会</span>(Chinese Information Processing
Society of China</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">）</span><a href="http://www.cipsc.org.cn/journal.php?page_name=journal">http://www.cipsc.org.cn/journal.php?page_name=journal</a><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">（</span><br>
<span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">学会的学术研究内容是利用计算机对汉语的音、形、义等语言文字信息进行的加工和操作，包括对字、词、短语、句、篇章的输入、输出、识别、转换、压</span><span lang="ZH-CN"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">缩、存储、检索、分析、理解和生成等各方面的处理技术。中文信息处理学科是在语言文字学、计算机应用技术、人工智能、认知心理学和数学等相关学科的基础上</span><span lang="ZH-CN"> </span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">形成的一门新兴的边缘学科。</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style=""><span style="">29.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">中国科学院软件研究所中文信息处理研究组</span>ICIP</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">（</span>ISCAS Chinese Information
Processing group<span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">）</span><a href="http://www.icip.org.cn/">http://www.icip.org.cn/</a></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style=""><span style="">30.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span dir="ltr">The Chinese and Oriental Languages Information Processing Society
(COLIPS). COLIPS is based in Singapore.
<a href="http://www.colips.org/">http://www.colips.org/</a></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style=""><span style="">31.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span dir="ltr">The CKIP (Chinese Knowledge and Information Processing) group, Taiwan
<a href="http://godel.iis.sinica.edu.tw/CKIP/engversion/index.htm">http://godel.iis.sinica.edu.tw/CKIP/engversion/index.htm</a></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style=""><span style="">32.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><span style=""> </span>SIGHAN, research special group
of international Chinese language (Han) </span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style=""><span style="">33.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span dir="ltr">C-STAR: Consortium for Speech-to Speech Translation Advanced Research
International.</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style=""><span style="">34.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Qinhua U, Beijing Jiaotong U, Herbin Institute of Technology, Shanxi U, Beijing
Language U, 19. North-eastern China U, Hong Kong
City University,
Beihang U.<span style="">
</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style=""><span style="">35.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Chinese LDC (Chinese Language Data Consortium)</span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="">36.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">新加坡中文与东方语言<em><span style="font-family: SimSun;">信息处理</span></em>学会</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span>
<h2><a name="_Toc265596526"><span style=""><span style="">5.2<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Chinese Scholars</span></a></h2>
<p class="MsoListNumber" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style=""><span style="">27.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Le Sun, Prof. Dr.<span style="">
</span>Chinese Information Processing Group, Institute of Software, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China, Tel:+86-10-62661512, E-Mail: <a href="mailto:lesunle@gmail.com">lesunle@gmail.com</a>. <a href="http://www.icip.org.cn/lesun/index.html">http://www.icip.org.cn/lesun/index.html</a>.
He is good at English. You can contact him as a candidate for our cooperation. </span></p>
<p class="MsoListNumber" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style=""><span style="">28.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">胡金柱</span>,
Prof Hu, Jinzhu of Huazhou Normal University, supervisor of PhD in Chinese
Information Processing. He lecture the following subjects for research
students. He lectured the following courses: Formal Methods for Chinese
Information Processing Engineerng, Ontologies for Chinese Information
Processing, the Engineering of Chinese Information Processing, Methodologies of
Chinese Information Processing. </span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">中文信息处理工程学的形式化研究方法</span>,
<span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">中文信息处理的本体方法论</span>, <span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">中文信息处理工程学</span>, <span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">中文信息处理方法学</span>Ref:
<a href="http://gs.ccnu.edu.cn/UpFile/20051129105555653.doc" target="_blank">http://gs.ccnu.edu.cn/UpFile/20051129105555653.doc</a>
</p>
<p class="MsoListNumber" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style=""><span style="">29.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">张华平</span>,
Dr Zhang, Huaping, (1978 -) zhanghp@software. <a href="http://ict.ac.cn">ict.ac.cn</a>, </span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">中国科学院计算技术研究所软件实验室</span>, <span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">中文信息处理技术发展简史</span>,</p>
<p class="MsoListNumber" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style=""><span style="">30.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">张永奎教授</span>,
Prof. Dr. Zhang, Yongkui, Director of Chinese Information Processing Group, Shanxi University<br>
<a href="http://www.sxu.edu.cn/yuanxi/jikex/chinese/intelligent/informationprocess.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">http://www.sxu.edu.cn/yuanxi/jikex/chinese/intelligent/informationprocess.html</span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoListNumber" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style=""><span style="">31.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">朱巧明</span>,
(1963-) Prof. Dr. Zhu, Qiaoming, Suzhou Uni. <a href="mailto:qmzhu@suda.edu.cn"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">qmzhu@suda.edu.cn</span></a>,
see <a href="http://jpkcdx.suda.edu.cn/ec2006/C19/zcr-1.htm"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">http://jpkcdx.suda.edu.cn/ec2006/C19/zcr-1.htm</span></a>.
</span></p>
<p class="MsoListNumber" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style=""><span style="">32.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Dr Kim Teng LUA, President, <a href="mailto:luakt@colips.org"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">luakt@colips.org</span></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoListNumber" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style=""><span style="">33.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Prof. Liu Yongquan, Institute of Linguistics,
CASS, Beijing, China. He stayed in Germany (Trier
U) for sometime and can publish paper using English. He has not worked in
recent years. </span></p>
<p class="MsoListNumber" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style=""><span style="">34.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><u>Rongbo Wang</u>, Xiaohua Wang,
Zheru Chi, Zhiqun Chen, "Chinese Sentence Similarity Measure Based on
Words and Structure Information," alpit, pp.27-31, 2008 International
Conference on Advanced Language Processing and Web Information Technology, 2008
(available online)</span></p>
<h2><a name="_Toc265596527"><span style=""><span style="">5.3<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Conferences</span></a></h2>
<ol style="margin-top: 0cm;" start="35" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="">The
International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING), to be held
in August in Beijing,
2010 led by ICCL. </li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">（</span>ICCC2007<span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">）</span>International Conferences
on Chinese Information Processing (<span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">第七届中文信息处理国际会议</span>).
</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">CNCCL
(biennial) Chinese National Conference on Computational Linguistics. </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">CJNLP
(annual) Chinese and Japanese Natural Language Processing. </li></ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18pt;"> </p>
<h2><a name="_Toc265596528"><span style=""><span style="">5.4<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Books</span></a></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
<p class="MsoListNumber" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style=""><span style="">39.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><span style=""> </span><a href="http://www.cipsc.org.cn/bookdetail.php?id=19"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">信息处理用现代汉语分词规范及自动分词方法</span></a></span><span class="title"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">作者</span>:</span><span class="title"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">刘源</span><span lang="ZH-CN"> </span></span><span class="title"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">谭强</span><span lang="ZH-CN"> </span></span><span class="title"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">沈旭昆</span><span lang="ZH-CN"> </span></span><span class="title"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">著</span>,
</span><span class="title"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">王</span></span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">清华大学出版社</span>, 2002</p>
<p class="MsoListNumber" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style=""><span style="">40.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Pauline Chooi, Mei Chen, 1996,
Chinese information processing: data entry and a knowledge-based homocode
resolution method. Publisher:<span style=""> </span>University of Sydney, 1996, (PhD thesis like)</span></p>
<p class="MsoListNumber" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style=""><span style="">41.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><a href="http://books.google.com.au/books?q=+inauthor:%22Yucheng+Liu%22&source=gbs_metadata_r&cad=2">Yucheng
Liu</a>, 1995, Chinese information processing.<span style="">
</span>Publisher: University of Nevada, Las
Vegas, 1995 (PhD thesis like)</span></p>
<h1><a name="_Toc265596529"><span style=""><span style="">6<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">References</span></a></h1>
<p class="References"><span style=""><span style="">[1].<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Song, C., Cao, Y., and Yu, S. (2009)
History of Chinese Information Processing for six decades.<span style=""> </span>Retrieved from </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; color: green;"><a href="http://www.nlpr.ia.ac.cn/2009papers/gnkw/nk12.pdf%20on%2013%2006%2010">www.nlpr.ia.ac.cn/2009papers/gnkw/nk12.pdf
on 13 June 2010</a>. </span></p>
<p class="References"><span style=""><span style="">[2].<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Wang, P.P (ed.) (2001) Computing
With Words. John Wiley & Sons Publishing, Inc. 2001</span></p>
<p class="References"><span style=""><span style="">[3].<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Hong, E. 2010, </span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">中国文字史</span>. <a href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/3488563.htm?fr=ala0_1">http://baike.baidu.com/view/3488563.htm?fr=ala0_1</a></p>
<p class="References"><span style=""><span style="">[4].<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Wang, Rongbo; et al, (2008)
Chinese sentence similarity measure based on words and structure information.
2008 International Conference on Advanced Language Processing and Web
Information Technology,<span style=""> </span>pp.27-31, IEEE
Computer Society. </span></p>
<p class="References"><span style=""><span style="">[5].<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Noam Chomsky ,"Aspects of the
Theory of Syntax".The M.I.T. Press,1965</span></p>
<p class="References"><span style=""><span style="">[6].<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">NA
(2009) I love Chinese characters. <a href="http://library.thinkquest.org/09jan-oracle-n-001/02072/page_485029497.html">http://library.thinkquest.org/09jan-oracle-n-001/02072/page_485029497.html</a></span></span></p>
<p class="References"><span style=""><span style="">[7].<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">History of Chinese Words <a href="http://www.hudong.com/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E5%8F%B2">http://www.hudong.com/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E5%8F%B2</a>.
on 240510</span></p>
<p class="References"><span style=""><span style="">[8].<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr">Evolution of Chinese Words <a href="http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/117051370.html?fr=qrl&cid=974&index=1&fr2=query">http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/117051370.html?fr=qrl&cid=974&index=1&fr2=query</a>
, on 24 05 10</span></p>
<p class="References"><span style=""><span style="">[9].<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">国家语言文字工作委员会</span>,
2008</span><span style="font-family: SimSun;" lang="ZH-CN">年中国语言生活状况报告</span>. <a href="http://www.china-language.gov.cn/33/2009_12_4/1_33_4410_0_1259911487375.html">http://www.china-language.gov.cn/33/2009_12_4/1_33_4410_0_1259911487375.html</a></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style=""> </span></p>
Best regards<br><br>Sun<br>-----------------------<br> <br>Dr Zhaohao Sun, PhD <br>Senior Lecturer in Information Systems <br>Graduate School of Information Technology and Mathematical Sciences<br>University Of Ballarat (CRICOS Provider Number 00103D)<br>
P.O. Box 663, Ballarat, Vic 3353<br>AUSTRALIA<br> <br>Phone: (03) 5327 9232<br>email: <a href="mailto:z.sun@ballarat.edu.au" target="_blank">z.sun@ballarat.edu.au</a> or <br>or <a href="mailto:zhsun@ieee.org" target="_blank">zhsun@ieee.org</a>, or <a href="mailto:zhaohao.sun@gmail.com" target="_blank">zhaohao.sun@gmail.com</a> (this is a private one)<br>
<br><br>